Monday, September 15, 2008

Week Eight: The Australian

Article from: The Australian
Title: Without Fear or Favour
Author: Miriam Cosic
Date: August 23, 3008

Link: http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,24225531-28737,00.html

This article dicusses a decline in quality journalism and uses the examples of Google News and Yahoo News to illustrate this point. These two sites do not hire reporters, editors or journalists to investigate news and present it to the public. Instead, these websites use specially designed software to scan for the most popular news stories and uploads them to their websites. These popular news stories are not checked for their credability and are often written or influenced by PR people or government agencies to benefit or promote particular members of society.

I find this idea quite disturbing as, throughout my studies, I have learnt that the media is supposed to be a watchdog for what is happening in society, not an advertising or propoganda medium. I feel that there is a place for people to share their views an opinions but the news is not this place, especially not when there is no distinction between what is supposed to be 'news' and what is 'opinion'.

Week Seven: ABC Media Report

Article from: ABC Media Report
Title: 'On the record' with Deborah Welch
Presenter: Antony Funnell
Date: September 11, 2008

Link: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2358056.htm#transcript

In this week's segment Antony Funnell speaks to the station manager at Radio Adelaide (and President of the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia), Deborah Welch, about reasons why she feels community broadcasting deserves more funding. She mentions that community broadcasting is very diverse and offers something for everyone. She also mentions the involvement of new media, such as websites, involved in community broadcasting and also discusses user-generated content vs community broadcasting.

Deborah feels that community broadcasting can create a relationship between what is happening within a community to the people within that community. She feels that user-generated content by individuals does not have that same impact and I happen to agree. I am originally from a small country town in South Australia and the local paper and radio stations were, and still are, a vital source of information within that community, as well as providing the members of that community with a sense of belonging and camarderie. I also understand Deborah's desire to recieve more funding to expand community broadcasting's possibilities into realms such as the internet. Although I no longer live in rural South Australia and have very little access to the physical pages of that local newspaper, I am very glad to be able to access it online and hold onto my connections with that community.

I find it interesting to note also that new media is becoming an important part of every media organisation and is in high demand from the public. Deborah mentions that people often ring the radio station in search of the written transcript and wonder if it is possible to find these things online. She then explains the fact that changing the genre or type of media from its original form, such as changing a radio program into a transcript, requires effort and funding and is not as easy as simply waving a wand and having it appear.

This idea brings me to an assignment I am currently undertaking. I am required to change an audio excerpt (see link below) about wave energy into three other genres. This requires special considerations of audience, context and purpose which I think relates to Deborah Welch's point. Each genre has a set of similarities and rules and perfecting a publication so that it can be easily understood by an audience requires time and effort. I hope to be able to achieve this over the next few weeks and maybe one day I'll be able to help out Deborah Welch and the rest of the community broadcasting associations.

Wave Energy audio except: http://www.abc.net.au/rural/telegraph/content/2006/s2335194.htm

Monday, September 1, 2008

Week Six: ABC Media Report

Article From: ABC Media Report
Title: Scorched
Presenter: Anthony Funnell
Date: August 28, 2008

Link: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2349346.htm

In this radio segment, Anthony Funnell speaks to Marcus Gillezeau, the screen producer of a new telemovie that aired on Channel Nine on Sunday night. However its not your average telemovie. It's a TV/online hybrid.

The telemovie is linked to a series of websites which have been running mini webisodes which both link into the telemovie and function as a story on their own. This whole experiment raises the issue which we are faced with more and more these days, the idea of producing texts and publications suitable for more than one medium. This offers the audience a range of viewing options and expands the market. It also puts pressure on companies to make publications in a number of formats to reach market demand.

As Marcus Gillezeau points out in this interview, there is also the opportunity for advertising companies to really reach large audiences through these different mediums. Instead of investing all their advertising 'eggs' in one basket, advertisers can produce advertising that will be seen and consumed by specific target audiences on the internet (that is those who go to a particular website for a particular reason) and the wider audience through televsion. There is also the possibility to audiences through print and radio, all through the same text which is slightly modified for each medium. It seems the possibilities are endless.

I think this new TV/online hybrid idea is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to how we can link different mediums together through different publications. I think we've been presented with an opportunity to involve all types of media into a web of interactive and informative texts. As Anthony Funnell says, it might be complicated but that's the fun of it. It's a new, fresh way of presenting a text to the audience and I personally can't wait to see what's next!

Applying the Principles of Reading Gravity

As I mentioned in my last post, I presented a presentation on Reading Gravity a few weeks ago. Since this time I have been applying these principles to my everyday work. I have noticed publications which do not follow these principles and this has only intensified my understanding of the concept. I have realised how important this principle is and am now applying it to other aspects of my study. For example, I have an assignment to complete in which I need to design a brochure. Using the concept and skills I learnt through my study of reading gravity I am able to design a brochure which is both visually appealing and highly effective. I feel it is very important to be aware of this principle and other design principles to ensure the publication designed will reach the target audience and be as effective in conveying meaning as possible.

Over the coming weeks I will refer more to this application of reading gravity and try to find some examples of both articles which follow reading gravity and those which do not.

Reading Review Presentations

Over the last few weeks, my collegues and I have been presenting a series of reading review presentations to our class. We were each allocated a reading which dicusses a deisgn or publication issue. We then summarised it and presented a five minute presentation. The formal reference for my reading is:

Wheildon, C 1990, 'Communicating or just making pretty shapes', 3rd end, Newspaper Bureau of Australia Ltd, North Sydney, excerpts pp. 11-15

This reading discusses a concept called redaing gravity in relation to the Gutenberg diagram. Here are my notes on this presentation.

The main concepts covered in this summary include Edmund Arnold’s Gutenberg Diagram which involves the concept of reading gravity and the importance of good design to communicate effectively. I will also discuss these questions:
· Do all languages follow the same reading gravity?
· Do we read images and visuals differently to written words?
· How do we read pictures and words on a computer screen, such as internet WebPages?

So, what is Edmund Arnold’s Gutenberg Diagram? It describes the natural reading pattern that we follow when reading text. Firstly our eyes enter the page at the upper left corner, known as the Primary Optical Area. Then, after finishing the first line of text, our eyes naturally fall to the beginning of the next line, the point directly under the beginning of the first line. This is called the axis of orientation. The eye then continues to scan the page, moving left to right until it reaches the bottom left hand corner. In some texts, such as magazine articles, there is a signal in the form of a logo, symbol or bolded piece of writing which lets the reader know they have completed the text. This is known as the terminal anchor. The reading also suggests that in some texts the author will use illustrations or images to direct the reader’s attention to the corners of the page.
This reading process, which the Gutenberg diagram explains, is called reading gravity and is a very important element to understand when designing texts.

So now that you understand what reading gravity is based on the Gutenberg diagram it is time to find out why it is an important principle when designing texts. This reading covers a series of tests undertaken to find out whether reading gravity is important. Wheildon presented groups of people with 2 texts; one which followed the principles of reading gravity outlined in the Gutenberg diagram and one which did not. He found that the readers of Figure 6 had much higher comprehension rates than those of Figure 7. When reading Figure 6, our eyes enter the page at the Primary Optical Area, the top left corner. We then read the first line and our eyes drop to the second line to the Axis of Orientation. Our eyes scan each line of each column from left to right, each time returning to the same axis of orientation, and finally we reach the terminal anchor which tells us the text is finished. In Figure 7 however, our eyes enter the page at the Primary Optical Area before we realise this is not the beginning of the text. We then have to search for the beginning, the heading, and after having read it, our eyes fall naturally to the point directly below to where we would expect the axis of orientation to be. However this point is not the beginning of the main body of text so once again we have to search for the start of the article. The author has tried to make this search easier by using a drop cap, a larger letter at the beginning of the paragraph which catches our attention. Having found this we can begin to read the article.

As you can probably tell just from my explanation, reading Figure 7 seems much more complicated and confusing than the relatively easy reading layout of Figure 6. And this is just what Wheildon found in his tests. Readers of Figure 7 not only had much lower comprehension levels and some also found the task exhausting and confusing. As Wheildon says...

“[when] reading rhythm has been destroyed, as the research programme shows, considerable damage may have been done to the reader’s comprehension of the article...”
Wheildon, 1990, p. 11

“...many of the readers who made the journey against reading gravity found the task exhausting in some way, and some read only two or three paragraphs before losing interest.”
Wheildon, 1990, p.14

Wheildon also conducted another test with very similar results, reaching the conclusion that layouts which follow the natural reading rhythm of reading gravity are best. At the end of the reading, he also highlights other examples of ineffective layouts which you can have a look at on pages 14 and 15 of the reading.

Reading gravity is obviously an important aspect to keep in mind when considering the layout of a text in English, but is it the same in every language? I propose that languages such as Arabic or Hebrew, where words are written and read from right to left would not follow the exact same reading gravity. I did search for information to support this but it seems that very little research, at least research that was available to me, has not been conducted on the subject.

The next question I wanted to raise was, do we read images and visuals differently to written words? According to the author of reading 3, Walsh, and to Kress and van Leeuwen, we do not follow the same principle of reading gravity. The image is there at once and fills the page, so our eyes are attracted not so much to certain points on the page but more to what is known as the ‘visual grammar’ of the image, aspects such as colour, framing, line, angle and perspective.

Due to the internet and computers becoming a huge part of our daily lives in the last few years, I thought I’d also comment on how we read words and images on a computer screen. There is a slightly different reading path than texts on paper and it is known, as our tutor has told us, as the F Pattern. Firstly our eyes start at the top left corner and read down the left bar. We then read from left to right similarly to when we read texts on paper. As you can see from the example I have here which is the course homepage for this subject.

So in conclusion, I think the most important design principle to take from this reading is to design a text in the most appropriate and effective way for the audience to gain the most from it. And that means being aware of concepts such as reading gravity. As Wheildon says “Good design is a balance between function and form, and the greater of these is function”. This means that a design must be visually appealing but most importantly, it must effectively convey meaning.

“The conclusion to be drawn must be that designs which conform to natural reading physiology are largely acceptable to readers; those that don’t conform run the risk of going largely unread.”
Wheildon, 1990, p. 14

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I think the presentation was a success and I thoroughly enjoyed researching this topic. If you's like to take a look at some of the other presentations presented, here are the URL's for their blogs.

http://madamemedia.blogspot.com/ for a look at the complex ideas surrounding medical narratives

http://themotherofallmedia.blogspot.com/ for information on deisgning for print, with particular reference to brochure design

http://pretzeljetaime.blogspot.com/ for information on designing documents for internet usage

http://randomclicks-horatio.blogspot.com/ gives you an insight into how prose and graphics interact along with the five ways in which they can be combined

Monday, August 25, 2008

Week Five: ABC Media Report

Article from: ABC Media Report
Title: A POOL of creative commons
Presenter: Anthony Funnell
Date: August 21, 2008

Link: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2342255.htm

In this segment, Anthony Funnell speaks to the Executive Producer of a new user generated interactive website started by the ABC called Pool. This website has introduced new licensing to protect the rights of people over the content they choose to post on the site. This licensing is called Creative Commons licensing and it allows the user to place their own restrictions on what can be done with their work.

I found this issue very interesting as the idea of copyright laws has been a hot topic since the internet boom. Everyone seems to be using everyone else's ideas, images and whatever else they can get their hands on. This is a result of this new technology which makes the avaliability of information so accessible; there are bound to be problems regarding this issue. At least with a website like this, the user's rights can be protected if they so wish, and at the sametime we can all experience and share each others creativity and ideas.

After reading the transcript of this conversation, the movie Be Kind Rewind came to mind. This movie deals with issues of both copyright and creativity and links in to what this segment is talking about. I highly recommend it, even if just for the entertainment value, as it discreetly discusses some of these ideas.

I think it is great that people have a place to go to share their ideas and pick the level of copyright that suits them. This encourages the expression of ideas and talents in a fair and protected way and I think that's always a good thing. I might just have tp try it out for myself...

Other Links:
POOL website: http://www.pool.org.au/
Watch the trailer for Be Kind Rewind at: http://www.bekindmovie.com/#

Thursday, August 21, 2008

Week Four: ABC Media Report

Article from: ABC Media Report
Title: Txtng Rls!
Presenter: Anthony Funnell
Date: August 14, 2008

Link: http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2330972.htm#transcript

In this article, presenter, Anthony Funnell, talks to a linguist about the language of text messages. They discuss concerns that people, especially children, who frequently text each other using shortened versions of words and abbreviations are destroying the english language and disadvantaging themselves when it comes to their literacy. Linguist, David Crystal, has conducted a study which clearly contradicts this theory.

David Crystal suggests that only 10% of text messages are abbreviated and the other 90% is plain and simple normal english. He also says that the more we read and write, even text messages, the better our vocabulary, literacy, reading and writing skills will be.

I had not thought about text mesaging this way before reading this article and a lot of what Mr Crystal is saying makes sense. I looked back through some of the text messages in my phone and found that he was right, most of the language used by both myself and people who have messaged me is not abbreviated.

Perhaps there is more to text messaging than meets the eye. If this is a way we can engage people in reading and writing who would not normally do so, then why not use it to our, and their, advantage. I can think of many of my friends who do not read books or do not write for pleasure, but who spend hours text messaging people on their phones. If that is a medium in which they find reading and writing both fun and beneficial then why not tap into that. I can think of a similar example with new technology such as internet blogs (like this one) or interactive social networking sites, such as facebook or myspace, which encourage reading and writing. 'Check out my blog!', 'Leave me a comment on myspace!', 'Comment on my pictures on facebook!'. These are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to using new media to encourage literacy. And I think one of the best things about these new forms of communication is that people don't even realise they are learning. It's not a chore and they don't feel as though they have anything to rebel against. If that's not a way to reach people who don't respond well to traditional lerning techniques then I don't know what is!

There is also the matter of organisations and companies using text messaging to reach a new clientele. It seems even ad's on TV are starting to use text messaging as a form of communication more frequently. Just the other day I saw an ad for an insurance company which offers quotes by text message for both car and home insurance. This is a convienient and cost effective way to communicate and another option for both individuals and big business. Gone are the days when it was only possible to write a letter, use the telephone or even visit a business or person in order to recieve the information you needed. Now, there are more possibilities than ever and I believe choice can only be a good thing.